COMBINATION AND MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES OF 1,2,3-TRIAZOLE, PYRIMIDIN-2-THIONE RINGS FOR POTENTIAL ANTI-COVID-19 ACTIVITY

2026-04-30T05:39:23+00:00

A combination of 1,2,3-triazole and pyrimidin-2-thione moieties in the same matrix was achieved via a multi-step synthetic pathway. The target novel 1,2,3-triaozle-pyrimidin-2-thione derivatives 4a-f were obtained via the condensation reaction of the synthesized chalcones 3a-f with thiourea in the presence of sodium hydroxide. Compounds 4a-f were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopies. The biological activity of the synthesized compounds 4a-f and their precursors 3a-f as antiviral was studied by molecular docking analysis against two selected enzymes (7dpp and 8cx9) which play an essential role in SARS-CoV-2 replication. Practically, the results revealed that all the synthesized compounds 4a-f and their precursors 3a-f displayed a promising binding affinity into the active site pocket through the target proteins compared to Remdesivir, X77 and N3 as standard antiviral drugs.

CORRELATION BETWEEN BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT FAILURE IN CHRONIC WOUND INFECTIONS IN IRAQI PATIENTS

2026-05-03T06:26:25+00:00

Background: In Iraq, chronic wound infections are a significant burden on the public health system. There are many reasons for chronic wound infections including high rates of diabetes and injuries due to conflict, as well as inadequate healthcare infrastructure. Bacterial biofilms frequently form on chronic wounds and enable bacteria to persist and develop antibiotic resistance, thereby reducing treatment effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of biofilm-forming microorganisms in chronic wounds, to identify the dominant pathogens in these wounds, and to examine the statistical association between bacterial biofilm formation and antibiotic treatment failure among patients in Iraq.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of chronic wound patients was conducted at two major hospitals in Anbar Province, Iraq, from January through December of 2023. Two hundred fifteen patients with clinical diagnoses of chronic wounds were included in the study. Wound swabs and tissue biopsy samples were taken and processed for the culture and identification of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods according to the 2023 CLSI guidelines. Biofilm formation was assessed using three methods (tissue culture plates (TCP), Congo red agar (CRA) & tubes) while the definition of treatment failure was the absence of improvement of the chronic wound after a minimum of 14 days of antibiotics based on identified pathogens.

Results: Of the 215 patients, 178 (82.8%) had positive cultures, yielding 212 bacterial isolates; 31.5% of the isolates were from polymicrobial infections. The bacterial organisms primarily isolated from the chronic wounds studied were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (24.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.0%), and Escherichia coli (12.4%). Biofilm was present in 71.3% of isolates, and 38.7% exhibited strong biofilm production. 68.0% of the S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant (MRSA), and 72.4% of the P. aeruginosa isolates were carbapenem resistant. Isolates identified as strong biofilm producers showed significantly higher rates of multidrug resistance (MDR) and treatment failure than non-biofilm-producing isolates (p<0.001). Biofilm strength showed a strong positive correlation with clinical diagnosis of treatment failure (r = 0.74, p<0.001).

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that biofilm production by bacterial pathogens is a strong and significant correlate to failure of antibiotic treatment in chronic wound infections in patients in Iraq. Routine assessment for bacterial biofilm should be included in microbiological clinical practice to promote individualized treatment regimens, alleviate pain and suffering, and also to rationalize the use of antibiotics in Iraqi Hospitals.

IPHO-Journal of Advance Research in Pharmacy & Biological Science

COMBINATION AND MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES OF 1,2,3-TRIAZOLE, PYRIMIDIN-2-THIONE RINGS FOR POTENTIAL ANTI-COVID-19 ACTIVITY

CORRELATION BETWEEN BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT FAILURE IN CHRONIC WOUND INFECTIONS IN IRAQI PATIENTS